The following is an excerpt from, and references a stainless steel used in this thesis. The content of this article can also be applied to a general case, and should not be limited to to the presented example.
ThermoCalc Introduction Potential and molar phase diagrams are the centerpiece of materials science, and are used as a visual representation of a materials system, providing critical information on how the system reacts to changes in composition, temperature, pressure, or volume. Phase diagrams also give insight into the stability of a phase, and transformation reactions that occur from crossing monovariant, or invariant phase boundaries.
Although phase diagrams are a useful tool for visualizing binary, or ternary systems, there is no real method of visualization of a multicomponent system other than to reduce the dimensionality of the system to a pseudo-binary, or isoplethal diagram. While isopleths are a useful representation of multicomponent system, unless the specific alloy composition has previously been calculated, the researcher will have to do the thermodynamic calculations on their own. For large systems this can become very tedious trying to provide interaction parameters for each constituent interaction in each sublattice of each phase of the system. Thankfully a lot of work in the past two decades has gone into building large databases to compile such data. CALPHAD and ThermoCalc are the forerunners in compiling thermodynamic data, and providing computational tools to simply, and efficiently be able to analyze predicted equilibria for specific material systems.
Is a tremendously powerful tool for metallurgists, and materials scientists, as its simplicity does not require the user to have much understanding of material thermodynamics, but can provide a vast amount of information, and insight into the alloy the user is dealing with. Whether there is sparse literature on the alloy, or the user is looking to tweak certain variables to modify the the microstructure, ThermoCalc can vastly reduce the time and money needed for experimentation, and may altogether eliminate the trail by error approach utilized in the past. In the present work, ThermoCalc was used to analyze how additions of both nitrogen, and titanium can affect the equilibrium microstructure of a 2032Nb alloy, and which chemistry provides the most optimal microstructure. With isoplethal sectioning only one component can be an independent variable while the others remain constant.
In a proper design matrix all possible permutations and combinations must be encompassed. In a system with seven elements (chromium, nickel, niobium, silicon, carbon, manganese, and nitrogen/titanium), hundreds of phase diagrams would need to be analyzed in order to determine the effects each element, and their interactions have on phase stability, phase solubility, and the driving force of a phase. In the following sections a method for analyzing, and optimizing the composition of a multicomponent system is proposed with the use of ThermoCalc as a subroutine. The next section will discuss a proposed Gibbs energy model for calculating equilibrium for a 2032Nb alloy, and a basic outline of how to use the ThermoCalc console program will be provided. Windows xp live usb torrent.
Afterwords, a proposed methodology for compiling the data output by ThermoCalc will be presented, as well as ways of representing the data, to ultimately draw conclusions on how composition of the alloy affects the systems equilibrium microstructure. ThermoCalc Scripts ThermoCalc software contains both a windows version which is a typical user interface, and a classical console version which requires input of subsequent command-line inputs. The console version will be primarily discussed in this document as it will be used later as a subroutine in the executable module to output the equilbrium of the compositional matrix array used for chemistry optimization. The console version is separated into multiple modules for first initializing the system, setting conditions for the equilibrium, running either a stepping routine (1-dimenional) for computing property diagrams or mapping routines (2-4 dimensional) for computing phase diagrams, and finally a graphing module. A flow chart of each of the modules along with their associated commands is outlined in. Fig. 1: Flow chart of the set of the modules for calculating phase diagrams with the console version of ThermoCalc. The bolded text in each box are the associated commandeds to enter into each module Typically you will want to create a new file in the computers directory for every equilibrium calculation you are going to run.
Inside this folder copy a shortcut to the ThermoCalc classic executable. When you enter the shortcut any files that will be saved will be saved in that directory. Upon entering the console version the first step is to save every command you input in the console into a log file.
The command s-l-f, or set-log-file will create a.log file in directory that the ThermoCalc shortcut is with the filename specified in the following argument. The next line is the heading information to describe what the following file will do. S-l-f filename @@set log file Calculate isopleth of 2032Nb system @@heading for the.log file The next step is to go into the appropriate initialization module. For equilibrium calculations most of the time you will use the data module to first initialize the system.
The data module gives the most amount of freedom to set the specific criteria on the system, however there is a simplified module that will ask the user questions to specify the parameters for the system. The simplified module is accessed by first going into the poly-3 module by typing the command “go p-3”, and then typing “def-mat”.
For the purposes of this script we will need to suspend certain constituents in the G-phase sublattice module so the data module should be used. The last thing to note is that if the user wants to perform Scheil calculations, the module command is simply “go scheil” it is set up the same way as the “def-mat” module where it will ask you a series up questions to set up the parameters. The default database ThermoCalc will draw from is the TCFE.
database, TCS Steels/Fe-alloys database. The version used in this document is version 6, and does not contain G-phase; however version 7 has recently been released and does now contain G-phase.
The TTNI8 database, TT Ni-based superalloys database, was appended to the system to include G-phase in the system. It should be noted that the TT databases do not contain volumetic data whereas, the TC databases do. Therefore volumetric parameters will have to be calculated in a post process if the data is imported from a TT database. The first step is to specify the components in the system and then import the appropriate phases for both the TCFE6 database, and the TTNI8 database.
The rej P. command on line 5 rejects all the phases in the database, where the. is a wild card term meaning all. If the user does not know what phases should be present in the system, the lines 5 and 6 can be omitted an a generic run can be performed. It is necessary to specify the phases in the system, as sometimes phases that are not present in any literature on the alloy will be stable in the equilibrium calculation, which then cannot be verified. In the TCFE6 database every phase specified for the system should be restored in line 6. Be sure to input the get command after to pull the relevant information from the database.
To reject certain constituents of a phase the command rej c can be input, where the user will then be prompted for which element they would like to reject. This operation can also be done in the windows version of ThermoCalc. Go data def-ele Fe Cr Ni Si Nb C Mn N Mo rej P. res P FCCA1 M7C3 M23C6 M6C MC Liq Z-Phase get app TTNI8 def-ele Fe Cr Ni Si Nb C Mn Ti Mo rej P. res P GPhase rej c g-phase 1 fe rej c g-phase 3 Cr rej c g-phase 3 Mn get After the system has been initialized it is time to set up the conditions for equilibrium. The command s-c is short for set-condition, where the intensive properties such as temperature, and pressure, and extensive properties such as the size of the system (e.g. N = 1 mol), and the composition ( x i) need to be defined.
Temperature is in kelvin, and composition is defined as weight fraction w(element), or mole fraction x(element). Weight fractions should be input for all but one of the components, which will be the dependent variables. This will make sure that the sum of the weight fractions is equal to unity.
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The command c-e calculates the equilibrium, while l-e lists the equilibrium either on screen or in this case to a file eq.txt. Eaton powerware 9355 installation manual. The conditions set will be the initial equilibrium calculated, and does not hold any relevance over the subsequent mapping or stepping functions.
Next, is to map the phase diagram over the set axis variable limits. S-a-v 1 t sets the y-axis to temperature with a range between 400-1800K, and s-a-v 2 w(N) sets the x-axis to the weight fraction of nitrogen. The map command will initiate the mapping procedure. Go p-3 s-c t=1089 n=1 p=101325 s-c w(Cr)=0.19 w(Ni)=0.31 w(Si)=0.005 c-e l-e eq.txt VWCS s-a-v 1 t 410 1800 27.8 s-a-v 2 w(N) 0 0.3 0.001 map Alternatively, to produce property diagrams (dependent vs. Independent variables) only the first axis will need to be specified, followed by the step command.
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ThermoCalc will initiate its global minimization procedure, and incrementally step along the axis between the set boundaries. Stepping is a much faster operation than mapping and should be considered depending on what type of information needs to be analyzed. There are numerous options for the stepping function, but in this case the default NORMAL command was chosen.
More information about these options can be read in the ThermoCalc TCC user manual supplied with the software package. S-a-v 1 t 410 1800 27.8 step @@ an alternative to the mapping procedure NORMAL After the mapping or stepping functions have completed, the user should proceed to the post module for producing phase, and property diagrams.
For the mapping command the default diagram contains both of the variable axis set prior to mapping. For stepping the default property diagram sets the y-axis to the molar phase fraction of each stable phase in the system over variable axis set above. The s-d-a command stands for ‘set-diagram-axis’ where in the case of line 35, the x-axis is being changed to display the temperature in Celsius. The s-s command stand for ‘set-scaling-status’, and can be used to set the axis maximum and minimum values. The plot will show the resulting diagram in a separate window. It is important to know the composition of each of the phases after stepping or mapping procedures, where the constituents that occupy each sublattice, and their site fractions can be determined.
The composition of a phase can be determined by changing the y-axis to represent the mole fraction of a phase, where the wild card represents every component in the phase. Lastly, to export the data of a property diagram, the l-d-t command will export the data either to text or to excel. Note that the extension on the excel output is.xls, and not.xlsx.
Post s-d-a x t-c s-s y n 0 0.1 plot s-d-a y x(FCCA1#1,.). plot FCCA1#1.ps l-d-t FCCA1#1.xls After the program is exited, the.log file can be accessed, and will contain all of the commands inpute during the ThermoCalc session.
To run the.log file through ThermoCalc, change the extension on the file from.log to.tcm.
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c : a x.:. / //.: :.`don:. Thermo-Calc 2003p.SGI. (c) Thermo-Calc Software date: type: thermodynamics and diffusion size: 10 x 5 MB Description: Thermo-Calc is a powerful and flexible software package for performing various kinds of thermodynamic and phase diagram calculations. It handles complex problems involving the interaction of many elements and phases and is specially designed for systems and phases that exhibit highly non-ideal behaviour. Thermo-Calc was developed in 1981 and has gained a world-wide reputation for calculating phase diagrams. This software can calculate arbitrary phase diagram sections and property diagrams in multi-component systems.
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Tantalum is investigated in this work as an alternative eutectic forming element to replace niobium in high chromium, Ni-base filler metals. Three experimental Ni-30Cr filler metals with additions of tantalum (Ta) and molybdenum (Mo) were studied in order to investigate eutectic constituent formation at the end of weld solidification and to determine weld metal cracking resistance. The cast pin tear test (CPTT) and the strain-to-fracture (STF) test were utilized to determine solidification cracking and ductility-dip cracking (DDC) susceptibility, respectively.
Differences in the morphology of the eutectic constituents were observed as a function of Ta and Mo additions. Mo appears to participate in the eutectic reaction at the end of solidification, but does not affect the solidification temperature range. The experimental filler metals showed good resistance to solidification cracking and were remarkably resistant to DDC, especially at higher levels of Ta and Mo.Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
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